Monday, March 24, 2014



p\i. kÃp[S pT[l
aƒ(mT) b).a[D`. kiƒl[j, B$c

a(FxN

p\Ativni
a(FxN a[ (nr)xNn&> (vk(st $p C[. a(FxNmiT[ a>g\[Jmi>Inspection an[ a(FxkmiT[ Inspector S¾d C[. SiLini (vkisan[ SiLin) Kitik)y tpiskr) t[mi> s*cni[ kr) SiLin) kiyvFiri[ krvin&>kim a(FxNoiri C[. a(Fxk a[ (jÃl (SxN a(Fkir) aYvi t[mni oiri (nm*Nk pim[l ÄyIkt hi[y C[.  j[ SiLimi> jen[ SiLini (SxN (vBign) t[mj v(hvT)y Kitin) tpiskr[ C[, an[ j$r) mig  s*cni[ kr[ C[. b)ji S¾dmi> kh)a[ ti[ a(FxN a[ (jÃli (SxN a(Fkir) oiri Yt) Kitik)y tpis C[.

Äy²yi


  • li[kSih) y&gmi> a(FxNni[ h[t& S]x(Nk s&FirNi krvini[ C[.  – a[s.a[n.m&krJ
  •  a(FxN, SiLik)y p¹F(tni[ s&dQ (vkis krvin) GN) p\(v(Fai[mi>n) a[k C[.  – (dÃh) a[jy&ki[D
  •  Good Inspection is a process of releasing energies of people in creating ways to solve individual and social problems. S.K.Kochhar


s>kÃpni


  •  a(FxN a[k sj
  • a(FxN (Sxki[n[ t[mn) p\g(t miT[ p\[rNi p*r) piDt) p\(k|yi C[.
  • a(FxNn&>kiy< a(Fxkoiri C[.
  •   a(FxN (SxN s&FirNi miT[nikiyi[
  •    a(FxNa[ (jÃli (SxN a(Fkir) aYvi t[mni oiri (nm*Nk pim[l Äy(kt oiri krvimi> aiv[ C[.
  •  a(FxN oiri (Sxki[n[ slih an[ mig aiv[ C[.

 
a(FxNn&>kiy


  • SiLiai[n[ S]x(Nk n[tZ_vp&r&>piDv&.
  •  SiLiai[ (SxNKiti (nymi[n&> pilnkr[ C[ k[ n(h> t[ tpisvin&> kiy<.
  • (v(vFp#iki[ j[vi k[, jnrl r(jATr, (hsib) p#iki[, D[DATi[k p#iki[, ri[jm[L, Kitivh), p(rNimp#iki[ vg[r[n) ckisN) krvin&>kiy<.
  • SiLiai[mi>Yt) g[rr)(t aTkivvin&> kiy<.
  • niNi>k)y (hsibi[n) skisN) krvin&> kiy<.
  • (SxNmi> nv)n p\yi[gi[ krvimiT[ mig kiy<.
  • SiLini (Sxki[ miT[ s[vikil)n til)mn&> aiyi[jnkrvin&> kiy<.
  • SiLini j$r) dAtiv[ji[n) tpis krvin&> an[ t[ sir) r)t[ scviyi C[ k[ nh)> t[ ji[vin&> a[ t[ dAtiv[ji[ sicvvi miT[ni s*cni[ krvin&> kiy<.
  • SiLimi> km t[ ji[vin&> kim.
  • SiLiai[ oiri srkir) g\iºTni[ (bnj$r) upyi[g n Yiy a[ ckisvin&> kiy<.
  •  S]x(Nkkiy< : vg< (SxNkiy<, p\yi[gSiLini[ upyi[g, vicnilyni[ upyi[g, rmtgmtn) ÄyvAYi, sha¿yi(sk p\vZ(_iai[, (SxNmi>nvi p\yi[gi[, pr)xi-m*Ãyi>kn
  •  vh)vT) kiyi[< : dAtiv[ji[n) jiLvN), jnrl r(jATr, niNik)y (hsibi[, (nymi[n&sir Brt), s(v


a(FxN s&FirNi miT[ni s*cni[

  •   a(Fxk[ SiLimi> p*rti[ smy a[Tl[ k[ p\iY ji[ea[.
  • a(Fxk[ a(FxN miT[ p*v ji[ea[.
  • a(FxN miT[ni nivi ²yili[ an[ (nymi[ (vS[ jiN) t[ p\miN[ a(FxN krv&> ji[ea[.
  • a(FxNn) T)mmi> (v(vF (vPy (nONi>ti[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[ j[Y), SiLimi> dr[k (vPy miT[ p*rt&> mig
  • (Sxki[ni (SxN kiy (nr)xN kr) s&FirNi miT[ni s*cni[ aipviji[ea[.
  • a(Fxkmi> Äyivsi(yk sjjti hi[v) ji[ea[. (v(vF ki]SÃyY) k&SL hi[vi[ ji[ea[.
  • a(Fxk (v(vF s>dB< g\>Yi[ni[ jiNkir hi[vi[ ji[ea[, an[ (Sxki[n[ mig
  • a(Fxk hkiriRmk vlN Frivti[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[.
  • (v(vFsha¿yi(sk p\vZ(_ini[ jiNkir hi[vi[ ji[ea[. SiLiai[ni aiciyi[
  •  a(Fxk[ SiLin[ s*cni[ krviji[ea[, di[Pi[ btivvi ji[ea[ nh).

Monday, July 1, 2013

Micro Teaching
s*Èm a¹yipn
p\i. kÃp[S pT[l
aƒ(mT) b).a[D`.kiƒl[j, B$c
p\Ativni:
Birtn&> Bi(v SiLini vgDi[mi> GDie rH&> C[. ai (vFin oiri ki[qir) p>c[ Bi(v nig(rkn) jvibdir) (Sxkn) C[, a[m s*cÄy&> C[. t[Y) (Sxki[ kiyDmi> GDiti Birtni Bi(vn[ (vXin an[ T[k`ni[li[J siY[ kdm (mlivti[ krvi miT[, aÃp smymi> rsp\d r)t[ vF& Xin aipvi miT[, (SxNn) nv) p¹F(tai[, p\y&Iktai[, a(Bgmi[Y) (SxNkiy< krv&> ji[ea[. (vwiY) Xinn&> (s>cn krnir (Sxk a¹yipnn) (v(vF p\y&Iktai[Y) sjj bn[ t[ (Sxk p\(SxN s>AYiai[n&> mh_vn&> lÈy C[. p\(SxNiY)< p\iyi[(gk kiy
mi¹y(mk an[ uµc mi¹y(mk SiLiai[ miT[ (Sxki[ t]yir krvin&> kim krt) b.a[D`. kiƒl[ji[mi> kiy
{1} s]¹Wi>(tk an[ {2} p\iyi[(gk
s]¹Wi>(tk (SxN:
s]¹Wi>(tk (SxN kiy sixr) (vPyi[n) cci< Yiy C[. S[xNn) (fls*f), (SxNn&> mni[ (vXin, S]x(Nk mipn-m*Ãyi>kn, SiLi s>ciln, a¹yipn 5F(tai[ vg[r[ (vPyi[ BNiviy C[.
p\iyi[(gk (SxN:
p\iyi[(gk (SxN a[Tl[ (SxN piqi[ p\(SxNiY) a¹yi[pnni ki]SÃyi[ (vks[ t[ miT[ ai piqi[ apiviy C[. SiLiai[mi> piq aip) a¹yipn kiy p\v)N bnivvini[ p\yRn Yiy C[.
p\iyi[(gk (SxN kiygni ud`Bvn&> kirN C[. p\iyi[(gk (SxN oiri piqi[ apiv) a¹yipn ki]SÃyi[ (vksiv) Skiti nY). siri an[ sfL (Sxki[ t]yir krvimi> p\iyi[(gk (SxN f[el gy&> C[.

p\iyi[(gk (SxNn) Kim)ai[:
v   p\(xNiY) (nOfL
v   kiƒl[jmi> apiti p\vcni[ an[ S)Kvvin) p¹F(t vµc[ a>tr
v   piqn&> (nr)x Nap*t&> - av]Xi(nk – aÄyvIAYt
v   asrkirk piqni nm*nini[ aBiv
v   bF) j bibti[ni[ (vkis a[k siY[ j a[k j Av$pmi> ap[(xt
v   piqn) s>²yi (n(Vt
v   p\(SxNiY) pi#i bn[.
v   SiLiai[ni[ ashkir
v   p\iyi[(gk (SxNn) smAyiai[ni uk[l miT[ miek|i[T)(c>gni[ jºm Yyi[.
miek|i[T)(c>gni[ aY< an[ s>kÃpni :
 miek|i[T)(c>g a>g[ni ²yilni[ ud`Bv sn[ 1961mi> k[(lfi[(n Yyi[. D`vieT a[ln[ sn[ 1963mi> si] p\Ym vKt miek|i[T)(c>g S¾dni[ p\yi[g kyi[<. 1964-65mi> miek|i[ (kl(nk UB&> ky&<>. 1966-69mi> ai (vcirn[ vF& v[g mÇyi[.
aY< :
v   miek|i[T)(c>g a[ (v(vF a¹yipn ki]SÃyi[mi> (ny>(#it til)m aipvi miT[n) a[k p\y&Ikt C[. ai p\y&Ikt oiri a[k siY[ j a¹yipn ki]SÃyn) xmti p\i¼t krvi pr ¹yin k[IºWt krvimi> aiv[ C[.
v   miek|i[T)(c>g p\y&Ikt oiri (Sxk a[k nin) s>kÃpni le mi#i cir-pi>c (vwiY)c k[ C (m(nT (SxNkiy< kr[ C[. piqn&> (vPyvAt& ai[C&>, (vwiY)²yi ai[C) an[ piqni[ smy ai[Ci[, a[ miek|i[T)(cgni mh_vni lxNi[ C[.
v   miek|i[T)(c>g a[ (Sxkn) cilNgiD) C[. 35 k[ 40 (m(nT s&F) S)Kvvi miT[n&> ki]SÃy p\i¼t krvi miT[n) a[k cilNgiD) C[.
v   miek|i[T)(c>g a[ awtn p\y&Ikt C[, a[ til)m l[ti (Sxki[n[ miT[ p\iyi[(gk p(rIAY(tmi> p\(SxN ki]SÃy hAtgt krvi miT[n) a[k p\vZ(_i C[. aim S)Kvin&> S)Kvvi miT[n&> (SxN a[Tl[ miek\i[T)(c>g.
v   miek|i[T)(c>g a[ ki]SÃylx) a(Bgm C[.
v   miek|i[T)(c>g a[ nini piyi prni[ (SxNni[ nm*ni[ C[.
v   t[mi> bF& j s*Èm hi[y C[.
smy ai[Ci[             -       5 k[ 6 (m(nT
vg< nini[               -       5 k[ 6 (vwiY)<
kiy< nin&>               -       a[k j ki]SÃy pr ¹yin
(vPy vAt& nin&.        -       a[k j m&d`i pr (SxN kiy<
Äyi²yiai[:
miek|i[T)(c>g a[ a[v) p\(k|yi C[, j[mi> (v(SOT a¹yipn vt(#it til)m (ny>(#it p(rIAY(tmi> apiy C[ t[mi>Y) a[k ki]SÃyn) xmti a[k j smy[ b)j&> ki]SÃy S$ krti> ph[li> p\i¼t kriy C[. – a[ln an[ riyn
miek|i[T)(c>g a[ a[k p\(SxN p\(v(F C[, j[ p\(SxNiY)Fn) mddY), (vwiY)c k[ C (m(nT s&F) ApOT r)t[ Äyi²yi(yt kr[l (SxN ki]SÃyni[ mhivri[ krvin) tk aip[ C[.
T*>kmi> miek|i[T)(c>g a[Tl[ . . . . .
v   p\(SxNiY)
v   t[mi> (SxNin&Bv fkt a[k j ki]SÃy p*rt&> (ny>(#it - myi<(dt rh[ C[.
v   t[mi> (SxN miT[ni[ smy an[ (vwiY)²yi GTiD) d[vimi> aiv[ C[.
v   t[ vg< (SxNn&> liGv)y Av$p C[. t[ vg<(SxN p\(k|yi a>g[n&> (SxN aipvi miT[n) nv)n p\Nil) C[.
v   t[ni vD[ (Sxki[n[ / p\(SxNiY) pivrFi[ krvi p\yRn krvimi> aiv[ C[. p\(SxNiY)< / (Sxk piq aip[ k[ trt j t[n[ p\(tpi[PN apiy C[. p\(tpi[PN m[Lv) p&n:aiyi[jn kr) fr)Y) p&n:(SxN kr[ C[ pC) trt j p&n:p\(tpi[PN m[Lv[ C[. aim jyi> s&F) ki]SÃy hAtgt n Yiy Ryi> s&F) nv&> (vPyvAt& le miek|i[piq aip) sjj Yiy C[.
aim miek|i[T)(c>g a[ p\(SxNiY) p\iv)·y m[Lvvi sxm bniv[ C[. T*kmi> miek|i[T)(c>g a[ (SxN nY) pN T)(c>gn) t]yir) miT[n&> agRyn&> si[pin C[. miek|i[T)(c>ga[ S)Kvvin) (SxN p¹F(t nY) pN S)Kvvi miT[ (Sxkn[ sjj krvi miT[n) a[k p\vZ(_i C[.

miek|i[T)(c>gpiqni si[pini[ - s>ciln trih – p\(k|yi:

piq aiyi[jn an[ (SxN
v   p\(SxNiY)g[n) smj apiy C[. ai ki]SÃy p\i¼t krvini mig shiyk / (vri[F) p(rNimi.n) cci<.
v   j[ t[ ki]SÃyi[n[ lgti[ miek|i[ (ndS avli[kn kr[.
v   (ndS S)K[.
p\(SxNiY)< miek|i[piq t]yir kr[. {mig
v   p\(SxNiY)< miek|i[piq aip[. {6 (m(nT} shi¹yiy)ai[ (vwiY)
v   (nr)xN an[ p\(tpi[PN
v   p\(SxNiY)< ki]SÃylx) piq aip[ Ryir[ t[n&> (nr)xN, (nr)xk p\i¹yipk an[ (nr)xk p\(SxNiy)F (nr)xNp#ikmi> kr[.
v   p\(SxNiY)< piq p*ri[ kr[ a[Tl[ trt j (nr)xk p\i¹yipk an[ (nr)xk p\(SxNiY) pDiy C[. {6 {(m(nT}
piqn&> p&n:aiyi[jn
v   p\(tpi[PNni aiFir[ p\(SxNiY)< t[ni m*L piqmi> j$r) f[rfir kr[ C[. {12 (m(nT}
p&n: (SxN
v   p&n: aiyi[jn kr[l miek|i[piq b)ji (vwiY)
p&n:p\(tpi[PN
v   p&n:aiyi[jn kr[l miek|i[piqn&> (nr)xk p\i¹yipk an[ (nr)xk p\(SxNiY)
v   upri[kt pi>c si[pin 1.(SxN, 2.p\(tpi[PN, 3.p&n:aiyi[jn, 4.p&n:(SxN, 5.p&n:p\(tpi[PN p*r&> Yti> miek|i[T)(c>gn) a[k siykl p*N< Yiy C[.
v   jyi> s&F) p\(SxNiY)< t[ ki]SÃymi> p\i(v·y n m[Lv[ Ryi> s&F) miek|i[T)(c>g siykln&> p&nrivt rh[ C[.
miek|i[T)(c>gn&> mhRv:
miek|i[T)(c>g sh)slimt Äyvhir C[.
v   ah)> til)miY)< smvyAki[ smx (SxNkiy< kr[ C[ t[Y) Srm an&Bvti[ nY). pi[tin) jitn[ sh)-slimt an&Bv[ C[. nini j*Ymi> p\Ry[k ÄyIkt siY[ Äyvhir kr) s>b>F bi>F) Sk[ C[ t[Y) ai p(rIAY(t t[nimi> sh) slimt)n) Bivni (vksiv[ C[.
v   vgDmi> 35 (m(nT miT[ k[m S)Kvv&> t[ til)miY)g C[.
a[k k[IºWt siFn C[ :
v   miek|i[T)(c>gmi> a[k ki]SÃyn[ hAtgt krvini[ p\yRn krvimi> aiv[ C[. a[Y) a[k j ki]SÃy pr mh_im ¹yin k[IºWt krvimi> aiv[ C[. a[k krti> vFir[ ki]SÃy pr ¹yin k[IºWt krvimi> krvimi> aiv[ C[. a[k krti> vFir[ ki]SÃy pr ¹yin k[IºWt krvimi> aiv[ ti[ ¹yinn&> (vBijn Ye jiy C[. an[ t[Y) ki[e a[k ki]SÃy hAtgt (nOfL jviy C[.
a¹yyn ki]SÃyn) p*v< til)m :
v   (v(vF p\kirni p\Åni[ p*Cvi, (vwiY), dÆy~iÄy siFni[ni[ upyi[g, an&min SIkt (vksivv), GirNiai[ni[ (vkis krvi[, ckisN) vg[r[ ki]SÃyi[ til)miY) aiv[ t[vi p\yRn ah)> Yiy C[. upr dSi ki]SÃyi[mi>Y) a[kn) ps>dg) kr) – smj m[Lv) (ndS simiºy (SxNkiy
stt til)m miT[n&> vihn :
v   (Sxki[ j&ni an&Bv) an[ nvi b>n[ miT[ upyi[g) C[. j&ni (Sxki[ vPi[< jti> Äyvsi(yk xmti p\i¼t kr[ pN t[mni[ (vkis xmtiY) Yy[li[ hi[ti[ nY). (Sxkni stt (vkis miT[ nvi (vPyvAt&n[ nv)n p¹F(tai[Y) S)Kvvi miL[ - ki]SÃyi[ hAtgt krvi miek|i[T)(c>g t[mn[ mdd kr[ C[.
(nr)xN miT[ni[ n*tn a(Bgm:
v   $(Qgt piqi[mi> (nr)xN piCL b[s) T)kiRmk ni[>F lK[ C[. til)miY)g[ ApOT m&d`isr an[ ki]SÃyn[ lgti s*cni[ krvin[ bdl[ simiºy p\kirn) T)kiai[ j lK[ C[. t[Y) k[Tl)k vir til)miY)< ligN)S)l bn) jiy aYvi s*cnp\&f pN bn) jiy. miek|i[T)(c>g ai myi (nr)xk a[k j ki]SÃyni (v(vF GTki[ a>g[ avli[kn kr) t[ a>g[ j$r) s*cni[ aip[ C[. (nr)xN Girdir Yiy C[. ApOT Yiy C[, t[Y) til)miY)< p&n: (SxNmi> s&Firi kr) l[ C[.
s>Si[Fn siFn:
v   (SxN p\(k|yimi> a(ny>(#it p(rbLi[n[ l)F[ (SxNmi> s>Si[Fn m&Æk[l C[. miek|i[T)(c>gmi> (ny>(#it p(rIAY(t hi[viY) p(rbLi[mi> (ny>#iN liv) Skiy C[. p\iY(mk a¿yis miT[ miek|i[T)(c>g aidS< p(rIAY(t t]yir kr) aip[ C[. mi[Ti p\yi[gi[ krti> ph[li miek|i[T)(c>gn) p(rIAY(t t]yir kr) aip[ C[. mi[Ti p\yi[gi[ krti> ph[li> ph[li> miek|i[T)(c>gn) p(rIAY(tmi> k[Tl)k smAyiai[ hl kr) Skiy C[. (SxN ki]SÃyi[ (vksivvini> k[Tlik s>Si[Fnni[mi> miek|i[T)(c>g upyi[g) C[ an[ piV< B*(mki p*r) piD[ C[.
v   p\(SxNiY)< an[ s[vikil)n (Sxki[ miT[ a¹yipn ki]SÃyi[ (vksivvimi> miek|i[T)(c>g srL, hiYvg& an[ upyi[(g siFn C[.         
miek|T)(c>gni liB:
miek|i[T)(c>g (Sxkni> vg<Äyvhir trf ¹yin k[(ºWt kr[ C[. t[ viAt(vk (SxN C[ k[ j[ vg< (SxNn) simiºy smAyiai[ j[v) k[ vg²yi, (vPyi[ni[ Äyip, smy myig ji[ yi[³y mig hi[y ti[ sfLtin[ vr[ j C[. miek|i[T)(c>g oiri n)c[ni j[vi fiydi gNiv) Skiy C[.
(v(SOT kiyi[
v   miek|i[T)(c>g (SxN ki]SÃyi[ni[ mhivri[, (SxN p\y&Iktai[ni[ mhivri[, k[Tl)k S]x(Nk bibti[mi> p\i(v·y aYvi (SxN p¹F(tai[n&> (ndS
vF& ajmiyS an[ t&lni:
v   (vD)yi[ T[pni[ upyi[g d(S bi>Fvimi> shiy kr[ C[. til)miY)
nvi (SKiu (Sxk miT[:
v   nvi (SKiu (Sxkn[ SiLin) jvibdir) Av)kirti> ph[li S]x(Nk ki]SÃyn&> BiY&> p&r&> piD[ C[.
j*ni (Sxki[ miT[:
v   j*ni (SxNmi> s&Firi krvimi> shiy kr[ C[. GNi vPi[< s&F) a[k j Gr[Dmi> kiy< krviY) (Sxkni> k[Tlik (SxN ki][SÃyi[ AY(gt Ye jiy C[. miek|T)(c>g aivi j*ni (Sxki[n) kiy shiyB*t Yiy C[.
fr) (Sxk bnnir miT[ tijg):
v   fr) (Sxk bnnir miT[ tijg) p*r[ C[. ki[ek k kirNsr (Sxkn) ni[kr) Ci[D) d)Fi pC) am&k vPi[< pC) fr) t[ kiy ji[Diti (Sxki[n[ tijg) p*r[ C[.
j*Y (SxN miT[:
v   jyi> j*Yi[n[ zDpY) (SxN aip) Skiy t[m C[ t[vi m&d`iai[ S)Kvvi miT[ asrkirk bn[ C[.
v   smAyi uk[l p¹F(tY) (SxN aipvimi> miek|i[T)(c>g K*b an&k*L C[.
p¹F(tni[ t&lniRmk aByis krvi miT[:
v   ki[e p¹F(tn) t&lni krv) hi[y ti[ ki[e a(Bgmi[ k[ p\y&Iktai[n[ k[ ki[e dÆy-~iÄy siFni[n) t&lni krv) hi[y ti[ ai[Ci (vwiY)
v   miek|T)(c>g (nr)xNn[ vF& asrkirk an[ p\bL bniv[ C[.
v   t[ p\(SxN kiy si[pin C[.
v   t[ krksrBy&<> C[. t[ (nr)xNni[ smy bciv[ C[.
v   t[ SiLiai[ an[ t[ni (vwiY) nY).
v   t[ (Sxkn[ m*Ãyi>kn p(v(Fai[ ajmivvin) tk aip[ C[.
v   t[niY) p\mi(Nt p(r(AY(tai[ an[ S]x(Nk kiy sminti p\i¼t kr) Skiy C[.
v   (Sxkn[ yi til)miY)
v   (SKiu (Sxkn[ slimt IAY(tmi> (SxN Äyvhir krvin) an&k*Lti aip[ C[.

miek|i[T)(c>gn) myi
vh)vT) myi
v   SiLi an[ til)m) kiƒl[ji[n& smyp#ik FN[ a>S[ bdlv& pD[, ai miT[ FN) jD bibti[ni[ (vcir krvi[ pD[ C[.
v   til)miY)g sfL Ye Sk[ nh).
s&(vFiai[n) myi
v   (vD)yi[, T[pr[ki[D< j[v) siFn simg\) bF) j SiLi kiƒl[jmi> hi[v) aipNi d[Smi> Sky nY). a[kid b[ r[ki[Dd hi[y C[.
S]x(Nk myi
v   til)miY) (ndin krvi miT[ miek|i[T)(c>g upyi[g) C[, pN t[niY) bFi j p\Åni[ uk[l) Sk[ a[m min) Skiy nh).
aºy myi
v   til)miY)²yi vFir[
v   svi<>g s>p*N< (SxNni[ a(Bgm nY).
v   mi#i (ndiniRmk k[ upciriRmk
v   si¹y n(h pN siFn
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Thursday, December 15, 2011


Introduction
R
eading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols for the intention of constructing or deriving meaning (reading comprehension). It is a means   of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practices, development, and refinement.
Readers use a variety of reading strategies to assist with decoding (to translate symbols into sounds or visual representations of speech) and comprehension. Readers may use morpheme, semantics, and syntax and context clues to identify the meaning of unknown words. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema.
What is Reading?
Most of us think of reading as a simple, passive process that involves reading words in a linear fashion and internalizing their meaning one at a time. But reading is actually a very complex process that requires a great deal of active participation on the part of the reader.
To get a better sense of the complexity of reading, read what some experts in the field have said about the reading process:

Reading is asking questions of printed text. And reading with comprehension becomes a matter of getting your questions answered.   
  - Frank Smith in Reading without Nonsense (1997)
Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game. It involves an interaction between thought and language. Efficient reading does not result from precise perception and identification of all elements, but from skill in selecting the fewest, most productive cues necessary to produce guesses which are right the first time. The ability to anticipate that which has not been seen, of course, is vital in reading, just as the ability to anticipate what has not yet been heard is vital in listening.                                                                                                                                                       - Kenneth Goodman in Journal of the Reading Specialist (1967)
Literacy practices are almost always fully integrated with, interwoven into, constituted as part of, the very texture of wider practices that involve talk, interaction, values, and beliefs.                                                                          
         - James Gee in Social Linguistics and Literacies (1996)
As we can see, reading involves many complex skills that have to come together in order for the reader to be successful. For example, proficient readers recognize the purpose for reading, approach the reading with that purpose in mind, use strategies that have proven successful to them in the past when reading similar texts for similar purposes, monitor their comprehension of the text in light of the purpose for reading, and if needed adjust their strategy use. Proficient readers know when unknown words will interfere with achieving their purpose for reading, and when they won't. When unknown words arise and their meaning is needed for comprehension, proficient readers have a number of word attack strategies available to them that will allow them to decipher the meaning of the words to the extent that they are needed to achieve the purpose for reading. Reading is also a complex process in that proficient readers give to the text as much as they take. They make meaning from the text by using their own prior knowledge and experiences. Proficient readers are constantly making predictions while reading. They are continuously anticipating what will come next. Their prior knowledge and experiences with texts as well as with the world around them allow them to do this. It is this continuous interaction with the text that allows readers to make sense of what they are reading.

Types of Reading

 


Several types of reading may occur in a language classroom. One way in which these may be categorized, as suggested by Brown (1989) can be outlined as follows: